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论语15 卫灵公第十五

发布时间:2015-06-18 浏览次数:48

 

卫灵公第十五

本篇包括42章,其中著名文句有:“无为而治”;“志士仁人,无求生以害仁,有杀身以成仁”;“人无远虑,必有近忧”;“躬自厚而薄责于人”;“君子求诸己,小人求诸人”;“己所不欲,勿施于人”;“小不忍则乱大谋”;“人能弘道,非道弘人”;“当仁不让于师”;“有教无类”;“道不同,不相为谋”。本篇内容涉及到孔子的“君子小人”观的若干方面、孔子的教育思想和政治思想,以及孔子在其他方面的言行。

 

151 卫灵公问陈(1)于孔子。孔子对曰:“俎豆(2)之事,则尝闻之矣;军旅之事,未之学也。”明日遂行。

 

【注释】

(1)陈:同“阵”,军队作战时,布列的阵势。

(2)俎豆:俎,音zǔ。俎豆是古代盛食物的器皿,被用作祭祀时的礼器。

 

【译文】

卫灵公向孔子问军队列阵之法。孔子回答说:“祭祀礼仪方面的事情,我还听说过;用兵打仗的事,从来没有学过。”第二天,孔子便离开了卫国。

 

【评析】

卫灵公向孔子寻问有关军事方面的问题,孔子对此很不感兴趣。从总体上讲,孔子反对用战争的方式解决国与国之间的争端,当然在具体问题上也有例外。孔子主张以礼治国,礼让为国,所以他以上面这段话回答了卫灵公,并于次日离开了卫国。

 

152 在陈绝粮,从者病,莫能兴。子路愠(1)见曰:“君子亦有穷乎?”子曰:“君子固穷(2),小人穷斯滥矣。”

 

【注释】

(1)愠:音yùn,怒,怨恨。

(2)固穷:固守穷困,安守穷困。

 

【译文】

(孔子一行)在陈国断了粮食,随从的人都饿病了。子路很不高兴地来见孔子,说道:“君子也有穷得毫无办法的时候吗?”孔子说:“君子虽然穷困,但还是坚持着;小人一遇穷困就无所不为了。”

 

【评析】

从本章开始,以后又有若干章谈及君子与小人在某些方面的区别。这里,孔子说到面对穷困潦倒的局面,君子与小人就有了显而易见的不同。

153 子曰:“赐也!女以予为多学而识之者与?”对曰:“然,非与?”曰:“非也。予一以贯之。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“赐啊!你以为我是学习得多了才一一记住的吗?”子贡答道:“是啊,难道不是这样吗?”孔子说:“不是的。我是用一个根本的东西把它们贯彻始终的。”

 

【评析】

这里,孔子讲到“一以贯之”,这是他学问渊博的根本所在。那么,这个“一”指什么?文中没有讲明。我们认为,“一以贯之”,就是在学习的基础上,认真思考,从而悟出其中内在的东西。孔子在这里告诉子贡和其他学生,要学与思相结合,认真学习,深切领悟。

 

154 子曰:“由!知德者鲜矣。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“由啊!懂得德的人太少了。”

 

155 子曰:“无为而治(1)者,其舜也与?夫(2)何为哉?恭己正南面而已矣。”

 

【注释】

(1)无为而治:国家的统治者不必有所作为便可以治理国家了。

(2)夫:代词,他。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“能够无所作为而治理天下的人,大概只有舜吧?他做了些什么呢?只是庄严端正地坐在朝廷的王位上罢了。”

 

【评析】

“无为而治”是道家所称赞的治国方略,符合道家思想的一贯性。这里,孔子也赞赏无为而治并以舜为例加以说明,这表明,主张积极进取的儒家十分留恋三代的法度礼治,但在当时的现实生活中并不一定要求统治者无为而治。在孔子的观念中,不是无为而治,而是礼治。

 

156 子张问行(1)。子曰“言忠信,行笃敬,虽蛮貊(2)之邦,行矣。言不忠信,行不笃敬,虽州里(3),行乎哉?立则见其参(4)于前也,在舆则见其倚于衡(5)也,夫然后行。”子张书诸绅(6)

【注释】

(1)行:通达的意思。

(2)蛮貊:古人对少数民族的贬称,蛮在南,貊,音mò,在北方。

(3)州里:五家为邻,五邻为里。五党为州,二千五百家。州里指近处。

(4)参:列,显现。

(5)衡:车辕前面的横木。

(6)绅:贵族系在腰间的大带。

 

【译文】

子张问如何才能使自己到处都能行得通。孔子说:“说话要忠信,行事要笃敬,即使到了蛮貊地区,也可以行得通。说话不忠信,行事不笃敬,就是在本乡本土,能行得通吗?站着,就仿佛看到忠信笃敬这几个字显现在面前,坐车,就好像看到这几个字刻在车辕前的横木上,这样才能使自己到处行得通。”子张把这些话写在腰间的大带上。

 

157 子曰:“直哉史鱼(1)!邦有道,如矢(2);邦无道,如矢。君子哉蘧伯玉!邦有道,则仕;邦无道,则可卷(3)而怀之。”

 

【注释】

(1)史鱼:卫国大夫,名,字子鱼,他多次向卫灵公推荐蘧伯玉。

(2)如矢:矢,箭,形容其直。

(3)卷:同“捲”。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“史鱼真是正直啊!国家有道,他的言行像箭一样直;国家无道,他的言行也像箭一样直。蘧伯玉也真是一位君子啊!国家有道就出来做官,国家无道就(辞退官职)把自己的主张收藏在心里。

 

【评析】

从文中所述内容看,史鱼与伯玉是有所不同的。史鱼当国家有道或无道时,都同样直爽,而伯玉则只在国家有道时出来做官。所以,孔子说史鱼是“直”,伯玉是“君子”。

 

158 子曰:“可与言而不与之言,失人;不可与言而与言,失言。知者不失人,亦不失言。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“可以同他谈的话,却不同他谈,这就是失掉了朋友;不可以同他谈的话,却同他谈,这就是说错了话。有智慧的人既不失去朋友,又不说错话。”

 

159 子曰:“志士仁人,无求生以害仁,有杀身以成仁。”

【译文】

孔子说:“志士仁人,没有贪生怕死而损害仁的,只有牺牲自己的性命来成全仁的。”

 

【评析】

“杀身成仁”被近现代以来某些人加以解释和利用后,似乎已经成了贬义词。其实,我们认真、深入地去理解孔子所说的这段话,主要谈了他的生死观是以“仁”为最高原则的。生命对每个人来讲都是十分宝贵的,但还有比生命更可宝贵的,那就是“仁”。“杀身成仁”,就是要人们在生死关头宁可舍弃自己的生命也要保全“仁”。自古以来,它激励着多少仁人志士为国家和民族的生死存亡而抛头颅洒热血,谱写了一首首可歌可泣的壮丽篇。

 

1510 子贡问为仁。子曰:“工欲善其事,必先利其器。居是邦也,事其大夫之贤者,友其士之仁者。”

 

【译文】

子贡问怎样实行仁德。孔子说:“做工的人想把活儿做好,必须首先使他的工具锋利。住在这个国家,就要事奉大夫中的那些贤者,与士人中的仁者交朋友。”

 

【评析】

“工欲善其事,必先利其器”这句话在民间已为人们所熟知。这就是“磨刀不误砍柴功”。在本章中,孔子以此作比喻,说明实行仁德的方式,就是要事奉贤者,结交仁者,这是需要首先做到的。

 

1511 颜渊问为邦。子曰:“行夏之时(1),乘殷之辂(2),服周之冕(3),乐则韶舞(4)。放(5)郑声(6),远(7)侫人。郑声淫,侫人殆(8)。”

 

【注释】

(1)夏之时:夏代的历法,便于农业生产。

(2)殷之辂:辂,音lù,天子所乘的车。殷代的车是木制成,比较朴实。

(3)周之冕:周代的帽子。

(4)韶舞:是舜时的舞乐,孔子认为是尽善尽美的。

(5)放:禁绝、排斥、抛弃的意思。

(6)郑声:郑国的乐曲,孔子认为是淫声。

(7)远:远离。

(8)殆:危险。

 

【译文】

颜渊问怎样治理国家。孔子说:“用夏代的历法,乘殷代的车子,戴周代的礼帽,奏《韶》乐,禁绝郑国的乐曲,疏远能言善辩的人,郑国的乐曲浮靡不正派,侫人太危险。”

 

【评析】

这里仍讲为人处世的道理。夏代的历法有利于农业生产,殷代的车子朴实适用,周代的礼帽华美,《韶》乐优美动听,这是孔子理想的生活方式。涉及到礼的问题,他还是主张“复礼”,当然不是越古越好,而是有所选择。此外,还要禁绝靡靡之音,疏远侫人。

 

1512 子曰:“人无远虑,必有近忧。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“人没有长远的考虑,一定会有眼前的忧患。”

 

1513 子曰:“已矣乎!吾未见好德如好色者也。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“完了,我从来没有见像好色那样好德的人。”

 

1514 子曰:“臧文仲其窃位(1)者与!知柳下惠(2)之贤而不与立也。”

 

【注释】

(1)窃位:身居官位而不称职。

(2)柳下惠:春秋中期鲁国大夫,姓展名获,又名禽,他受封的地名是柳下,惠是他的私谥,所以,人称其为柳下惠。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“臧文仲是一个窃居官位的人吧!他明知道柳下惠是个贤人,却不举荐他一起做官。”

 

1515 子曰:“躬自厚而薄责于人,则远怨矣。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“多责备自己而少责备别人,那就可以避免别人的怨恨了。”

 

【评析】

人与人相处难免会有各种矛盾与纠纷。那么,为人处事应该多替别人考虑,从别人的角度看待问题。所以,一旦发生了矛盾,人们应该多作自我批评,而不能一味指责别人的不是。责己严,待人宽,这是保持良好和谐的人际关系所不可缺少的原则。

 

1516 子曰:“不曰‘如之何(1),如之何’者,吾末(2)如之何也已矣。”

 

【注释】

(1)如之何:怎么办的意思。

(2)末:这里指没有办法。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“从来遇事不说‘怎么办,怎么办’的人,我对他也不知怎么办才好。”

 

1517 子曰:“群居终日,言不及义,好行小慧,难矣哉!”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“整天聚在一块,说的都达不到义的标准,专好卖弄小聪明,这种人真难教导。”

 

1518 子曰:“君子义以为质,礼以行之,孙以出之,信以成之。君子哉!”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“君子以义作为根本,用礼加以推行,用谦逊的语言来表达,用忠诚的态度来完成,这就是君子了。”

 

1519 子曰:“君子病无能焉,不病人之不己知也。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“君子只怕自己没有才能,不怕别人不知道自己。”

 

1520 子曰:“君子疾没世(1)而名不称焉。”

 

【注释】

(1)没世:死亡之后。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“君子担心死亡以后他的名字不为人们所称颂。”

 

1521 子曰:“君子求诸己,小人求诸人。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“君子求之于自己,小人求之于别人。”

 

1522 子曰:“君子矜(1)而不争,群而不党。”

 

【注释】

(1)矜:音jīn,庄重的意思。

【译文】

孔子说:“君子庄重而不与别人争执,合群而不结党营私。”

 

1523 子曰:“君子不以言举人,不以人废言。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“君子不凭一个人说的话来举荐他,也不因为一个人不好而不采纳他的好话。”

 

【评析】

18章到23章,这6章基本上全都是讲君子的所作所为以及与小人的不同。什么是君子呢?孔子认为,他应当注重义、礼、逊、信的道德准则;他严格要求自己,尽可能做到立言立德立功的“三不朽”,传名于后世;他行为庄重,与人和谐,但不结党营私,不以言论重用人,也不以人废其言,等等。当然,这只是君子的一部分特征。

 

1524 子贡问曰:“有一言而可以终身行之者乎?”子曰:“其恕乎!己所不欲,勿施于人。”

 

【译文】

子贡问孔子问道:“有没有一个字可以终身奉行的呢?”孔子回答说:“那就是恕吧!自己不愿意的,不要强加给别人。”

 

【评析】

“忠恕之道”可以说是孔子的发明。这个发明对后人影响很大。孔子把“忠恕之道”看成是处理人己关系的一条准则,这也是儒家伦理的一个特色。这样,可以消除别人对自己的怨恨,缓和人际关系,安定当时的社会秩序。

 

1525 子曰:“吾之于人也,谁毁谁誉?”如有所誉者,其有所试矣。斯民也,三代之所以直道而行也。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“我对于别人,诋毁过谁?赞美过谁?如有所赞美的,必须是曾经考验过他的。夏商周三代的人都是这样做的,所以三代能直道而行。”

 

1526 子曰:“吾犹及史之阙文(1)也,有马者借人乘之(2),今亡矣夫。”

 

【注释】

(1)阙文:史官记史,遇到有疑问的地方便缺而不记,这叫做阙文。

(2)有马者借人乘之:有人认为此句系错出,另有一种解释为:有马的人自己不会调教,而靠别人训练。本书依从后者。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“我还能够看到史书存疑的地方,有马的人(自己不会调教,)先给别人使用,这种精神,今天没有了罢。”

 

1527 子曰:“巧言乱德。小不忍则乱大谋。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“花言巧语就败坏人的德行,小事情不忍耐,就会败坏大事情。”

 

【评析】

“小不忍则乱大谋”,这句话在民间极为流行,甚至成为一些人用以告诫自己的座右铭。的确,这句话包含有智慧的因素,尤其对于那些有志于修养大丈夫人格的人来说,此句话是至关重要的。有志向、有理想的人,不会斤斤计较个人得失,更不应在小事上纠缠不清,而应有开阔的胸襟,远大的抱负,只有如此,才能成就大事,从而达到自己的目标。

 

1528 子曰:“众恶之,必察焉;众好之,必察焉。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“大家都厌恶他,我必须考察一下;大家都喜欢他,我也一定要考察一下。”

 

【评析】

这一段讲了两个方面的意思。一是孔子决不人云亦云,不随波逐流,不以众人之是非标准决定自己的是非判断,而要经过自己大脑的独立思考,经过自己理性的判断,然后再作出结论。二是一个人的好与坏不是绝对的,在不同的地点,不同的人们心目中,往往有很大的差别。所以孔子必定用自己的标准去评判他。

 

1529 子曰:“人能弘道,非道弘人。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“人能够使道发扬光大,不是道使人的才能扩大。”

 

【评析】

人必须首先修养自身、扩充自己、提高自己,才可以把道发扬光大,反过来,以道弘人,用来装点门面,哗众取宠,那就不是真正的君子之所为。这两者的关系是不可以颠倒的。

 

1530 子曰:“过而不改,是谓过矣。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“有了过错而不改正,这才真叫错了。”

 

【评析】

“从非圣贤,孰能无过?”但关键不在于过,而在于能否改过,保证今后不再重犯同样的错误。也就是说,有了过错并不可怕,可怕的是坚持错误,不加改正。孔子以“过而不改,是谓过矣”的简炼语言,向人们道出了这样一个真理,这是对待错误的唯一正确态度。

 

1531 子曰:“吾尝终日不食,终夜不寝,以思,无益,不如学也。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“我曾经整天不吃饭,彻夜不睡觉,去左思右想,结果没有什么好处,还不如去学习为好。”

 

【评析】

这一章讲的是学与思的关系问题。在前面的一些章节中,孔子已经提到“学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆”的认识,这里又进一步加以发挥和深入阐述。思是理性活动,其作用有两方面,一是发觉言行不符合或者违背了道德,就要改正过来;另一方面是检查自己的言行符合道德标准,就要坚持下去。但学和思不可以偏废,只学不思不行,只思不学也是十分危险的。总之,思与学相结合才能使自己成为德行、有学问的人。这是孔子教育思想的组成部分。

 

1532 子曰:“君子谋道不谋食。耕也,馁(1)在其中矣;学也,禄(2)在其中矣。君子忧道不忧贫。”

 

【注释】

(1)馁:音něi,饥饿。

(2)禄:做官的俸禄。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“君子只谋求道行道,不谋求衣食。耕田,也常要饿肚子;学习,可以得到俸禄。君子只担心道不能行,不担心贫穷。”

 

1533 子曰:“知及之(1),仁不能守之;虽得之,必失之;知及之,仁能守之,不庄以涖(2)之,则民不敬。知及之,仁能守之,庄以涖之,动之不以礼,未善也。”

 

【注释】

(1)知及之:知,同“智”。之,一说是指百姓,一说是指国家。此处我们认为指禄位和国家天下。

(2)涖:音lì,临,到的意思。

【译文】

孔子说:“凭借聪明才智足以得到它,但仁德不能保持它,即使得到,也一定会丧失。凭借聪明才智足以得到它,仁德可以保持它,不用严肃态度来治理百姓,那么百姓就会不敬;聪明才智足以得到它,仁德可以保持它,能用严肃态度来治理百姓,但动员百姓时不照礼的要求,那也是不完善的。”

 

1534 曰:“君子不可小知(1)而可大受(2)也,小人不可大受而可小知也。”

 

【注释】

(1)小知:知,作为的意思,做小事情。

(2)大受:受,责任,使命的意思,承担大任。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“君子不能让他们做那些小事,但可以让他们承担重大的使命。小人不能让他们承担重大的使命,但可以让他们做那些小事。”

 

1535 子曰:“民之于仁也,甚于水火。水火,吾见蹈而死者矣,未见蹈仁而死者也。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“百姓们对于仁(的需要),比对于水(的需要)更迫切。我只见过人跳到水火中而死的,却没有见过实行仁而死的。”

 

1536 子曰:“当仁,不让于师。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“面对着仁德,就是老师,也不同他谦让。”

 

【评析】

孔子和儒家特别重视师生关系的和谐,强调师道尊严,学生不可违背老师。这是在一般情况下。但是,在仁德面前,即使是老师,也不谦让。这是把实现仁德摆在了第一位,仁是衡量一切是非善恶的最高准则。

 

1537 子曰:“君子贞(1)而不谅(2)。”

 

【注释】

(1)贞:一说是“正”的意思,一说是“大信”的意思。这里选用“正”的说法。

(2)谅:信,守信用。

【译文】

孔子说:“君子固守正道,而不拘泥于小信。”

 

【评析】

前面孔子曾说过:“言必信,行必果”这不是君子的作为,而是小人的举动。孔子注重“信”的道德准则,但它必须以“道”为前提,即服从于仁、礼的规定。离开了仁、礼这样的大原则,而讲什么“信”,就不是真正的信。

 

1538 子曰:“事君,敬其事而后其食(1)。”

 

【注释】

(1)食:食禄,俸禄。

 

【译文】

孔子说:“事奉君主,要认真办事而把领取傣禄的事放在后面。”

 

1539 子曰:“有教无类。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“人人都可以接受教育,不分族类。”

 

【评析】

孔子的教育对象、教学内容和培养目标都有自己的独特性。他办教育,反映了当时文化下移的现实,学在官府的局面得到改变,除了出身贵族的子弟可以受教育外,其他各阶级、阶层都有了受教育的可能性和某种机会。他广招门徒,不分种族、氏族,都可以到他的门下受教育。所以,我们说,孔子是中国古代伟大的教育家,开创了中国古代私学的先例,奠定了中国传统教育的基本思想。

 

1540 子曰:“道不同,不相为谋。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“主张不同,不互相商议。”

 

1541 子曰:“辞达而已矣。”

 

【译文】

孔子说:“言辞只要能表达意思就行了。”

 

1542 “师冕(1)见,及阶,子曰:“阶也。”及席,子曰:“席也。”皆坐,子告之曰:“某在斯,某在斯。”师冕出,子张问曰:“与师言之道与?”子曰:“然,固相(2)师之道也。”

 

【注释】

(1)师冕:乐师,这位乐师的名字是冕。

(2)相:帮助。

 

【译文】

乐师冕来见孔子,走到台阶沿,孔子说:“这儿是台阶。”走到坐席旁,孔子说:“这是坐席。”等大家都坐下来,孔子告诉他:“某某在这里,某某在这里。”师冕走了以后,子张就问孔子:“这就是与乐师谈话的道吗?”孔子说:“这就是帮助乐师的道。”

 

 

BOOK XV   WEILING GONG

 

15.1 The prince Ling of Wei asked Confucius about tactics. Confucius replied, “I have heard all about sacrificial vessels, but I have not learned military matters.” On this, he took his departure the next day.

 

15.2 When he was in Chan, their provisions were exhausted, and his followers became so in that they were unable to rise. Zilu, with evident dissatisfaction, said, “Has the superior man likewise to endure in this way?” The Master said, “The superior man may indeed have to endure want, but the mean man, when he is in want, gives way to unbridled license.”

 

15.3 The Master said, “Ci, you think, I suppose, that I am one who learns many things and keeps them in memory?” Zigong replied, “Yes,-but perhaps it is not so?” “No,” was the answer; “I seek a unity all pervading.”

 

15.4 The Master said, “You I those who know virtue are few.”

 

15.5 The Master said, “May not Shun be instanced as having governed efficiently without exertion? What did he do? He did nothing but gravely and reverently occupy his royal seat.”

 

15.6 Zizhang asked how a man should conduct himself, so as to be everywhere appreciated. The Master said, “Let his words be sincere and truthful and his actions honorable and careful; ---- such conduct may be practiced among the rude tribes of the South or the North. If his words be not sincere and truthful and his actions not honorable and careful, will he, with such conduct, be appreciated, even in his neighborhood? When he is standing, let him see those two things, as it were, fronting him. When he is in a carriage, let him see them attached to the yoke. Then may he subsequently carry them into practice.” Zizhang wrote these counsels on the end of his sash.

 

15.7 The Master said, “Truly straightforward was the historiographer Yu. When good government prevailed in his state, he was like an arrow. When bad government prevailed, he was like an arrow. A superior man indeed is Qu Boyu! When good government prevails in his state, he is to be found in office. When bad government prevails, he can roll his principles up, and keep them in his breast.”

 

15.8 The Master said, “When a man may be spoken with, not to speak to him is to err in reference to the man. When a man may not be spoken with, to speak to him is to err in reference to our words. The wise err neither in regard to their man nor to their words.”

 

15.9 The Master said, “The determined scholar and the man of virtue will not seek to live at the expense of injuring their virtue. They will even sacrifice their lives to preserve their virtue complete.”

 

15.10 Zigong asked about the practice of virtue. The Master said, “The mechanic, who wishes to do his work well, must first sharpen his tools. When you are living in any state, take service with the most worthy among its great officers, and make friends of the most virtuous among its scholars.”

 

15.11 Yan Yuan asked how the government of a country should be administered. The Master said, “Follow the seasons of Xia. Ride in the state carriage of Yin. Wear the ceremonial cap of Zhou.” Let the music be the Shao and the Wu. Banish the songs of Zheng, and keep far from specious talkers. The songs of Zheng are licentious; specious talkers are dangerous.”

 

15.12 The Master said, “If a man takes no thought about what is distant, he will find sorrow near at hand.”

 

15.13 The Master said, “It is all over! I have not seen one who loves virtue as he loves beauty.”

 

15.14 The Master said, “Was not Zang Wenzhong like one who had stolen his situation? He knew the virtue and the talents of Hui of Liuxia, and yet did not procure that he should stand with him in court.”

 

15.15 The Master said, “He who requires much from himself and little from others, will keep himself from being the object of resentment.”

 

15.16 The Master said, “When a man is not in the habit of saying ---- ‘What shall I think of this? What shall I think of this?’ I can indeed do nothing with him!”

 

15.17 The Master said, “When a number of people are together, for a whole day, without their conversation turning on righteousness, and when they are fond of carrying out the suggestions of a small shrewdness; ---- theirs is indeed a hard case.”

 

15.18 The Master said, “The superior man in everything considers righteousness to be essential. He performs it according to the rules of propriety. He brings it forth in humility. He completes it with sincerity. This is indeed a superior man.”

 

15.19 The Master said, “The superior man is distressed by his want of ability. He is not distressed by men’s not knowing him.”

 

15.20 The Master said, “The superior man dislikes the thought of his name not being mentioned after his death.”

 15.21 The Master said, “What the superior man seeks, is in himself. What the mean man seeks, is in others.”

 

15.22 The Master said, “The superior man is dignified, but does not wrangle. He is sociable, but not a partisan.”

 

15.23 The Master said, “The superior man does not promote a man simply on account of his words, nor does he put aside good words because of the man.”

 

15.24 Zigong asked, saying, “Is there one word which may serve as a rule of practice for all one’s life?” The Master said, “Is not RECIPROCITY such a word? What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.”

 

15.25 The Master said, “In my dealings with men, whose evil do I blame, whose goodness do I praise, beyond what is proper? If I do sometimes exceed in praise, there must be ground for it in my examination of the individual. This people supplied the ground why the three dynasties pursued the path of straightforwardness.”

 

15.26 The Master said, “Even in my early days, a historiographer would leave a blank in his text, and he who had a horse would lend him to another to ride. Now, alas! there are no such things.”

 

15.27 The Master said, “Specious words confound virtue. Want of forbearance in small matters confounds great plans.”

 

15.28 The Master said, “When the multitude hate a man, it is necessary to examine into the case. When the multitude like a man, it is necessary to examine into the case.”

 

15.29 The Master said, “A man can enlarge the principles which he follows; those principles do not enlarge the man.”

 

15.30 The Master said, “To have faults and not to reform them, ---- this, indeed, should be pronounced having faults.”

 

15.31 The Master said, “I have been the whole day without eating, and the whole night without sleeping: ---- occupied with thinking. It was of no use. The better plan is to learn.”

 

15.32 The Master said, “The object of the superior man is truth. Food is not his object. There is plowing; ---- even in that there is sometimes want. So with learning; ---- emolument may be found in it. The superior man is anxious lest he should not get truth; he is not anxious lest poverty should come upon him.”

 

15.33 The Master said, “When a man’s knowledge is sufficient to attain, and his virtue is not sufficient to enable him to hold, whatever he may have gained, he will lose again. When his knowledge is sufficient to attain, and he has virtue enough to hold fast, if he cannot govern with dignity, the people will not respect him. When his knowledge is sufficient to attain, and he has virtue enough to hold fast; when he governs also with dignity, yet if he try to move the people contrary to the rules of propriety: ---- full excellence is not reached.”

 

15.34 The Master said, “The superior man cannot be known in little matters; but he may be entrusted with great concerns. The small man may not be entrusted with great concerns, but he may be known in little matters.”

 

15.35 The Master said, “Virtue is more to man than either water or fire. I have seen men die from treading on water and fire, but I have never seen a man die from treading the course of virtue.”

 

15.36 The Master said, “Let every man consider virtue as what devolves on himself. He may not yield the performance of it even to his teacher.”

 

15.37 The Master said, “The superior man is correctly firm, and not firm merely.”

 

15.38 The Master said, “A minister, in serving his prince, reverently discharges his duties, and makes his emolument a secondary consideration.”

 

15.39 The Master said, “In teaching there should be no distinction of classes.”

 

15.40 The Master said, “Those whose courses are different cannot lay plans for one another.”

 

15.41 The Master said, “In language it is simply required that it convey the meaning.”

 

15.42 The music master, Mian, having called upon him, when they came to the steps, the Master said, “Here are the steps.” When they came to the mat for the guest to sit upon, he said, “Here is the mat.” When all were seated, the Master informed him, saying, “So and so is here; so and so is here.” The music-master, Mian, having gone out, Zizhang asked, saying. “Is it the rule to tell those things to the music master?” The Master said, “Yes. This is certainly the rule for those who lead the blind.”